Heat Transfer

Conduction, convection, radiation and exchanger design. How heat moves in process equipment: conduction through walls and insulation, convection in flowing fluids, radiation in furnaces, and heat-exchanger sizing and rating.

• Conduction — Conduction is heat flow through a solid (or still fluid) by molecular contact. Learn Fourier's law, thermal conductivity, plane walls, cylinders (pipes and insulation), and transient heating.
• Convection — Convection is heat transfer between a surface and a moving fluid. Learn Newton's law of cooling, heat-transfer coefficients, natural vs forced convection, Nusselt, Reynolds and Prandtl numbers, and common correlations.
• Radiation — Thermal radiation is heat carried by electromagnetic waves — it needs no medium. Learn the Stefan–Boltzmann law, emissivity, black and grey bodies, Wien's law, view factors, and radiation shields.
• Heat Exchangers — Heat exchangers transfer heat between two fluids. Learn types (double-pipe, shell-and-tube, plate, finned), parallel vs counter-flow, overall U, LMTD and effectiveness–NTU methods, fouling and sizing.