Error & Uncertainty Analysis

How sure is your number?. Types of measurement error, Type A/B uncertainty evaluation, combining and expanding uncertainty, the law of propagation, worst-case versus RSS, correlation and Monte Carlo methods.

• Measurement Errors & Statistics of Readings — Every measurement is uncertain. Learn the difference between error and uncertainty, accuracy and precision, systematic and random errors, significant figures, how repeated readings reduce uncertainty (standard error of the mean), Type A and Type B evaluation, combining components, coverage factors and how to report a result like a professional lab.
• Propagation of Uncertainty — When a result is calculated from several measured quantities, their uncertainties propagate into it. Learn the first-order (partial-derivative) law of propagation, sensitivity coefficients, the quick rules for sums and products/powers, correlation effects, worst-case versus statistical combination, and Monte Carlo propagation — with a density example checked both ways.