Renewable Energy

Solar, wind, water and the storage that makes them dependable. The technologies decarbonising the grid: photovoltaics, wind turbines and hydropower, battery systems and wider energy storage, and the smart-grid systems that integrate variable generation, flexible demand and electric vehicles.

• Solar — Photovoltaic (PV) cells turn sunlight directly into electricity. Learn how cells work, I–V and P–V curves, maximum power point tracking, temperature and irradiance effects, energy yield, and how to size and string a rooftop system.
• Wind — Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of moving air into electricity. Learn the power equation and v³ law, the Betz limit, tip-speed ratio, power curves, wind shear, capacity factor and generator/converter types.
• Hydroelectric — Hydropower converts the potential energy of falling water into electricity. Learn the power equation, head and flow, turbine types (Pelton, Francis, Kaplan), run-of-river vs reservoir plants, pumped storage and micro-hydro design.
• Battery Systems — Batteries power everything from phones to EVs and grid storage. Learn cell chemistries, series/parallel packs, capacity, C-rate, SOC and SOH, battery management systems, charging, ageing and safety.
• Energy Storage — Energy storage balances supply and demand across seconds to seasons. Compare pumped hydro, batteries, flywheels, compressed air, hydrogen, supercapacitors and thermal storage by power, energy, efficiency and cost, and learn their grid applications.
• Smart Grid — The smart grid adds sensing, communication and control to every level of the power system. Learn smart meters and AMI, demand response, distributed energy resources, microgrids, V2G, PMUs, grid automation and cybersecurity.