Embedded/Electronics

Microcontrollers, code and interfaces that make electrical systems smart. Where electrical engineering meets software: microcontroller architecture, embedded C, interfacing sensors and actuators, serial communication protocols, and building connected IoT devices that run for years on a battery.

• Microcontrollers — A microcontroller is a complete computer on one chip, built to control hardware. Learn its architecture — CPU, memory, clock, GPIO, timers, ADC, communication peripherals, interrupts and DMA — and how to budget power for battery devices.
• Embedded C — C is the language of firmware. Learn fixed-width types, bit manipulation, register access, volatile, const and memory placement, interrupts and shared data, state machines, fixed-point maths and defensive practices like watchdogs.
• Sensors — Connecting sensors to a microcontroller: analogue sensors through the ADC, digital sensors over I²C and SPI, pulse-timing sensors like ultrasonic rangers, and the scaling, filtering and calibration that turn raw values into physical units.
• Actuators — Actuators turn electrical signals into action: LEDs, relays, solenoids, DC motors, servos and steppers. Learn transistor and MOSFET drivers, flyback protection, H-bridges, servo PWM and how to size drive circuits safely.
• Communication Protocols — Embedded devices talk over serial buses. Learn UART framing and baud rate, SPI modes, I²C addressing and pull-ups, CAN arbitration, RS-485 and Modbus, and how to choose the right protocol for each job.
• IoT — The Internet of Things connects embedded devices to the cloud. Learn IoT architecture, wireless technologies (Wi-Fi, BLE, Zigbee, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT), MQTT, power budgets, security, OTA updates and edge computing.