Electric Vehicles

Batteries, motors, inverters and charging — the electric drivetrain. Everything inside an electric vehicle's powertrain: architecture, battery packs and their management, traction motors, inverters, charging and regenerative braking — with the calculations engineers use to size and evaluate them.

• EV Architecture — Battery electric vehicles replace the engine with batteries, inverters and motors. Learn EV architecture, road-load and energy consumption, battery packs (cells, series/parallel, kWh), motors and inverters, charging, thermal management and range estimation.
• Battery — The traction battery is the heart and the most expensive part of an EV. Learn lithium-ion cell chemistry (NMC, LFP, solid-state), cell formats, specific energy and power, series/parallel pack design, C-rate, internal resistance and heat, thermal management, degradation and safety.
• BMS — The battery management system keeps every cell safe and makes the pack's state known. Learn cell monitoring, protection limits and contactor control, SOC estimation (coulomb counting, OCV, Kalman filters), SOH, power limits, cell balancing (passive/active), insulation monitoring and functional safety.
• Electric Motor — Traction motors turn electrical power into wheel torque. Learn PMSM, induction and wound-rotor synchronous motors, torque–speed curves (constant torque and constant power regions), base speed, efficiency maps, gear ratio selection, cooling and rare-earth-free designs.
• Inverter — The traction inverter converts battery DC into variable-frequency AC for the motor. Learn the three-phase voltage-source inverter, IGBT vs SiC MOSFET switches, PWM and space-vector modulation, field-oriented control, DC-link capacitors, losses and efficiency, and cooling.
• Charging — Charging refills the EV battery. Learn AC charging (onboard charger, levels 1/2, single/three-phase), DC fast charging, connector standards (CCS, CHAdeMO, NACS, GB/T), CC–CV profiles and tapering, charging-time calculation, charging power limits and smart/bidirectional charging.
• Regenerative Braking — Regenerative braking turns the motor into a generator to recover kinetic energy. Learn the energy chain and efficiencies, power and torque limits, blending with friction brakes, one-pedal driving, stability considerations, and how much range regen really adds.